MOWA ZALEŻNA
Bezpośrednie odtworzenie czyjejś wypowiedzi nazywamy mową niezależną (indirect speech), np. Peter says "I often go to the cinema".
Mowa zależna użyta jest w momencie gdy odtworzenie wypowiedzi nie jest dosłowne, np. Peter says that he often goes to the cinema.
Następstwo czasów występuje w mowie zależnej gdy czasownik relacjonujący użyty jest w czasie przeszłym Past (said, admitted, explained, asked), oraz kiedy odwołujemy się do stanów, czynności będących przeszłością (He said he lived in Berlin - już w Berlinie nie mieszka, gdyby dalej mieszkał zdanie brzmiałoby: He said he lives in Berlin.).
TYPOWE NASTĘPSTWA CZASÓW:
Future (will) - Future in the Past (would)
"I will help you" - Tom said he would help me.
"I will be helping you" - Tom said he would be helping me.
Present - Past
"I help you" - Tom said he helped me.
"I'm helping you" - Tom said he was helping me.
Present Perfect - Past Perfect
"I have helped you" - Tom said he had helped me.
"I have been helping you" - Tom said he had been helping me.
Past - Past Perfect
"I helped you" - Tom said he had helped me.
"I was helping you" - Tom said he had been helping me.
Past Perfect - bez zmian
"I had helped you" - Tom said he had helped me.
"I had been helping you" - Tom said he had been helping me.
Inne struktury gramatyczne:
"I may/can help you" - Tom said he might/could help me.
"I'm going to help you" - Tom said he was going to help me.
"I would like to help you" - Tom said he would like to help me.
"I must help you" - Tom said he must/had to help me.
"I could/might/should/ought to/used to help you" - Tom said he could/might/should/ought to/used to to help me.
Zdania warunkowe typu 2 i 3 w mowie zależnej pozostają bez zmian.
Oprócz następstwa czasów, ulegają również zmianie następujące formy:
now - then
today - that day
tonight - that night
tomorrow - the next/following day
this week - that week
next month - the following month
yesterday - the day before
last year - the previous year
a year ago - a year before
this - that
these - those
here - there
PYTANIA (taka sama zasada następstwa czasu, pytania tworzymy bez inwersji), przykłady pytań:
"Will you help me?" - Tom asked if/whether I would help him.
"Are you helping me?" - Tom asked if/whether I was helping him.
"Did you help me?" - Tom asked if/whether I had helped him.
PROŚBY/ROZKAZY
"Help me!" - Tom told me to help him.
"Help me, please" - Tom asked me to help him.